Biotechnology uses living organisms and biological systems to create new products. Over the last 50 years, this field has developed rapidly because of advances in genetic engineering that allow scientists to make changes to organisms’ DNA. New methods of genetic modification have led to rapid advances in gene editing and testing and have also become much more targeted, quicker, and cheaper. According to the US National Intelligence Council, “biotechnologies are at an inflection point […] turning science fiction into reality.”.[1]
Within the broad category of biotechnology, there are many emerging developments that are mentioned below (and many, many more that we do not have space to cover). Although it lies at the crossroads between the categories of science and technology, biotechnology is included in the ‘Science’ category here because its foundations are in scientific research and experimentation – and it overlaps with many other scientific fields such as molecular biology, biochemistry, and genomics. Nevertheless, a lot of the developments mentioned here have strong links to other trends in the technology category (e.g. ‘Artificial intelligence’).
While international standardization is no stranger to the field of biotechnology (ISO/TC 276, Biotechnology, was created back in 2013), the pace of development in this field and the breadth of its applications means that this is an area to watch for emerging-market needs.
Science trends
Advances in gene editing could potentially lead to enormous breakthroughs in human health, agricultural and industrial productivity, and sustainability. Technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) have transformed this field, by enabling extensive genome editing and allowing scientists to precisely edit DNA using a bacterial enzyme.[2]
Gene editing could lead to significant improvements in human health and medicine by eliminating hereditary diseases (by modifying or replacing illness-causing genes), providing more effective and targeted treatments for diseases such as cancer, and eliminating causes of disease (e.g. malarial carrying mosquitoes).[3,4] As gene editing technologies become faster and cheaper, they will foster the shift towards personalized medicine.[1] They could even allow the transplant of animal organs into humans – in October 2021, a significant step was made towards animal-to-human transplants as surgeons in the US tested the transplant of a genetically modified pig kidney on a deceased recipient.[5,6]
Applying biotechnology such as gene editing to food production has the potential to significantly increase the sustainability of food production by boosting agricultural yields while reducing land and water use, increasing the nutritional content of food, and increasing crop resilience (resistance to pests and severe weather). Even meat-eating could become sustainable if the use of CRISPR technology can make the process of growing meat in the lab much cheaper and more efficient.[7] All these factors will be increasingly important to guarantee food security for populations dealing with the effects of climate change.[1]
Broader sustainability impacts could result from the application of gene editing technologies to create microbes that can produce biofuels, new construction materials, biodegradable plastics and more.[8] For example, cities of the future could potentially be lit up (at no cost and with no emissions) by bioluminescent algae, or plants that have been engineered to glow through the addition of genes for fluorescent proteins from these algae or jellyfish.
Nevertheless, there are moral and ethical questions that will arise as gene editing technologies become more advanced and where it may be difficult to find international consensus.[4] Human augmentation (enhancing human physical or cognitive abilities), the safety of genetically modified food or animals, the large-scale collection and storage of genetic data, and the possibility that gene editing technologies could be used to create targeted biological weapons – these are all issues likely to raise divisive political debates.
News stories
- Published 36 Standards | Developing 25 Projects
- Biotechnology — Genome editingPart 1: Vocabulary
- Biotechnology — Predictive computational models in personalized medicine researchPart 1: Constructing, verifying and validating models
- ISO/CD TS 9491-2 [Under development]Biotechnology — Predictive computational models in personalized medicine researchPart 2: Guidelines for implementing computational models in clinical integrated decision support systems
- ISO/FDIS 18162 [Under development]Biotechnology — Biobanking — Requirements for human neural stem cells derived from pluripotent stem cells
- Biotechnology — Biobanking of parasitesPart 1: Helminths
- ISO/CD 20012.2 [Under development]Biotechnology — Biobanking — Requirements for human natural killer cells derived from pluripotent stem cells
- ISO/DIS 20070 [Under development]Biotechnology — Biobanking — Requirements for sample containers for storing biological materials in biobanks
- ISO/DIS 20309 [Under development]Biotechnology — Biobanking — Requirements for deep-sea biological materials
- ISO/AWI 20387 [Under development]Biotechnology — Biobanking — General requirements for biobanking
- ISO/DIS 20397-3 [Under development]Biotechnology — Massively parallel sequencingPart 3: General requirements and guidance for metagenomics
- Biotechnology — Biobanking — Implementation guide for ISO 20387
- Biotechnology — Biobanking — Requirements for human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from umbilical cord tissue
- Biotechnology — Biobanking of microorganismsPart 1: Bacteria and archaea
- Biotechnology — Massively parallel DNA sequencing — General requirements for data processing of shotgun metagenomic sequences
- Biotechnology — Biobanking — Requirements for human and mouse pluripotent stem cells
- Biotechnology — Biobanking — Requirements for human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from bone marrow
- Published 934 Standards | Developing 128 Projects
- ISO/DIS 16677-1 [Under development]Biobanking — GermplasmPart 1: Agricultural animal species
- Microbiology of the food chain — Whole genome sequencing for typing and genomic characterization of bacteria — General requirements and guidance
- Screening of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in cotton and textiles
- Published 12 Standards | Developing 3 Projects
- Genomics informatics — Data elements and their metadata for describing the tumor mutation burden (TMB) information of clinical massive parallel DNA sequencing
- Genomics informatics — Data elements and their metadata for describing the microsatellite instability (MSI) information of clinical massive parallel DNA sequencing
- Genomics informatics — Phenopackets: A format for phenotypic data exchange
- Genomics informatics — Requirements for interoperable systems for genomic surveillance
- Genomics informatics — Description rules for genomic data for genetic detection products and services
- Genomics Informatics — Data elements and their metadata for describing structured clinical genomic sequence information in electronic health records
- ISO/CD TR 21394.2 [Under development]Genomics informatics — Whole Genomics Sequence Markup Language (WGML)
- Genomics informatics — Structured clinical gene fusion report in electronic health records
- Genomics informatics — Clinical genomics data sharing specification for next-generation sequencing
Synthetic biology refers to the use of certain tools and approaches within biotechnology to create new biological parts or systems, for a specific purpose. These tools may include gene editing and there is certainly overlap and blurred lines between these two trends. However, the scale of DNA changes introduced in synthetic biology is generally larger, and synthetic biology also incorporates the fields of engineering, design, and computer science. A consensus definition drafted by a group of European experts defined synthetic biology as follows: Synthetic biology is the engineering of biology: the synthesis of complex, biologically based (or inspired) systems, which display functions that do not exist in nature. This engineering perspective may be applied at all levels of the hierarchy of biological structures – from individual molecules to whole cells, tissues, and organisms. In essence, synthetic biology will enable the design of biological systems in a rational and systematic way.[9]
The emerging global market for synthetic biology was estimated to be worth USD 11 billion in 2018 and to grow by 24% by 2025.[10] Several notable trends in synthetic biology include[2]:
- mRNA vaccines: Instead of using bits of a live or dead virus, these vaccines introduce mRNA molecules that cause the body’s own cells to produce a protein, which then elicits an immune response. The mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 approved in December 2020 (Pfizer and Moderna) were the first ever mRNA vaccines to be marketed. In addition this type of vaccine has huge promise because it is quicker to design and test and can be made synthetically, without cultured cell-lines.
- Organoids and organs-on-chips: Organoids are tiny in vitro organs grown from human stem-cells. These allow scientists to study how human tissue responds to drugs, viruses, and other stimuli in vitro. Organs-on-chips (or micro-physiological systems) are used for the same purpose but are engineered systems where cells from organs are grown on a chip (instead of in culture), which allows for a much more precise control of the cells and their micro-environment. This can lead to the development of much more advanced in vitro models of human systems.
- DNA memory: In 2018, scientists discovered how to create random access memory (RAM) on DNA at scale. In 2020, Chinese scientists at Tianjin University stored 445 kB of data in a cell on the E. coli bacterium. Current magnetic or optical data-storage systems require huge amounts of space and energy. Using DNA as a medium for storing data could potentially solve future data-storage problems, as DNA data storage is durable and hundreds of terabytes of capacity could be stored in a pill-sized container.
- Published 36 Standards | Developing 25 Projects
- Biotechnology — Ancillary materials present during the production of cellular therapeutic products and gene therapy products
- Biotechnology — Bioprocessing — General requirements for the design of packaging to contain cells for therapeutic use
- Biotechnology — Nucleic acid synthesisPart 1: Requirements for the production and quality control of synthesized oligonucleotides
- Biotechnology — Nucleic acid synthesisPart 2: Requirements for the production and quality control of synthesized gene fragments, genes, and genomes
- ISO/WD TS 20853 [Under development]Biotechnology — Bioprocessing — General requirements for the bacteriophage preparation for therapeutic use
- Biotechnology — General requirements and considerations for cell line authentication
- Biotechnology — Bioprocessing — General requirements and considerations for equipment systems used in the manufacturing of cells for therapeutic use
- Biotechnology — Analytical methods — Risk-based approach for method selection and validation for rapid microbial detection in bioprocesses
References
- Global trends. Paradox of progress (US National Intelligence Council, 2017)
- 2021 Tech trends report. Strategic trends that will influence business, government, education, media and society in the coming year (Future Today Institute, 2021)
- 20 new technology trends we will see in the 2020s (BBC Science Focus Magazine, 2020)
- Global strategic trends. The future starts today (UK Ministry of Defence, 2018)
- Global trends 2020. Understanding complexity (Ipsos, 2020)
- Surgeons successfully test pig kidney transplant in human patient (Guardian, 2021)
- Memphis meats uses crispr to create real meat from animal cells (Trendhunter, 2019)
- Future technology for prosperity. Horizon scanning by Europe's technology leaders (European Commission, 2019)
- Synthetic biology. Applying engineering to biology: Report of a NEST high-level expert group (European Commission, 2005)
- Future possibilities report 2020 (UAE Government, 2020)