As the effects of climate change continue to impact the globe, precious, natural resources like fresh water, arable land and minerals are expected to become increasingly scarce, with significant implications for agriculture and food security, as well as the production of many new innovative technologies. According to the US National Intelligence Council, “nearly all of the Earth’s systems are undergoing natural and human-induced stresses outpacing national and international environmental protection efforts.”^[1] The World Economic Forum identifies human over-exploitation and/or mismanagement as key drivers of the scarcity of natural resources.^[2] Resource scarcity, whether of water, land or minerals, may also be a driver of conflict, particularly where economic and political issues create barriers to access to natural resources.^{[3​,4]​​​​​}

Water, land, and consequences for food production

Water is already scarce and is likely to become even more scarce in future. Only 3% of the world’s water is freshwater, and much of this is is not readily accessible due to factors that include remote location, political boundaries, economics, and purity. The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) estimates that 1.8 billion people worldwide will face water scarcity by 2025 and 5.2 billion are expected to face water stress. By 2050, the FAO estimates that only 60% of the water needed will be available.^[5] climate change may promote glacier melting that could lead to increased flows of water, higher temperatures are also expected to increase water loss due to evaporation.^[4] An increasing demand for water will make the extraction and production (e.g. through desalination) of fresh water more energy intensive, and is likely to drive up costs for access to water.^[3] Industrial water pollution, inadequate water management, and non-compliance with water sharing agreements and treaty provisions may lead to tensions over access to water sources.^[1]

The same forces that are expected to impact water scarcity (climate change, population growth, ‘Urbanization’, economic development, and poor management) will also impact the availability of arable land for farming. This is a serious challenge when projections estimate that average levels of food production will have to increase by around 50% by 2050 (from a 2012 baseline) to meet the needs of the world’s population.^[4] Indeed, it is impossible to separate out the issues of water and land scarcity as each affects the other in a significant way. For example, around 70% of global water consumption goes to agriculture, agriculture will be responsible for a large part of the increased demand for water in future^[6], and current intensive farming techniques are linked to water pollution, along with air pollution, soil degradation and pest resistance.^[4] Water scarcity and other consequences of climate change, such as volatile weather events and sea-level rise, will, on the one hand, reduce the amount of land available for developing new agricultural areas and, on the other hand, lead to reduced agricultural production. The resulting food insecurity is predicted to have a disproportionate effect on developing countries, with some predicting that “Africa could face a near double-digit reduction in crop yields and production volumes over the next decade, as well as rising food prices by similar margins.”^[7]

Technology will need to play a major role in overcoming natural resource scarcity and improving agricultural productivity.^[4] ‘Smart farming’ and techniques such as hydroponics and vertical farming will be key. Smart farming involves the use of digital technologies – e.g. unmanned machinery, robots, sensors, drones, big data, and advanced analytics – to be able to analyse the individual needs of specific fields, crops, or animals.^[8] This kind of precision agriculture is more environmentally benign, minimizes water and electricity use, while maximizing the productivity of the land. Hydroponics (growing plants in mineral solutions instead of soil) and vertical farming (growing crops in vertically stacked layers) both reduce the need for land to grow certain crops and make it more practical to farm them in urban environments.^[4]

Critical minerals and consequences for emerging technologies and the energy transition

Scarcity issues also apply to lesser-known natural resources like critical minerals – rare metals such as lithium, tellurium and rare earth metals that are used for batteries, solar panels, and various electronic devices. Demand for these product types will only increase in the coming decades as more people join the middle class and purchase consumer electronics such as smartphones. In addition, as the global community steps up efforts to cut GHG emissions, and transition to cleaner sources of energy such as electric vehicles (which require a lot of lithium) and solar power, this will increase the demand for these rare metals. As this demand grows, pressure on these limited resources will be significant. With the bulk of known critical mineral deposits in a small number of countries, political and supply chain issues could cause significant challenges in the future.^[9]

Scarcity of water, land or minerals will provide both challenges and opportunities for businesses, who may have less readily available resources for production, but who may see potential market opportunities develop for sustainable and eco-friendly production.^[10]

Threatened ecosystems

Ecosystems worldwide are at increasing risk of long-term changes and damage. Changes to plant life-cycles and animal behaviour are observed in both land and marine ecosystems.^[11] Threats from pollution, habitat destruction, deforestation, over-exploitation, changes in biodiversity, seabed mining and ocean acidification are all interfering with the natural functioning of the earth’s ecosystems^[3,11] alongside the ongoing threat of global warming.^[4]

Reducing emissions of CO₂ and other GHGs is a critical response to these threats, and, if ambitious emission-reduction targets are achieved, offers some hope for the world’s ecosystems.^[4]

Air pollution continues to increase, especially in rapidly growing cities, and will pose significant health risks into the future.^[11] By 2035, air pollution may be the top cause of environmentally-related deaths worldwide.^[1] Air quality is predicted to become ‘the most significant indicator with regards to quality of life, happiness and other indices.’^[3] As growing numbers of people live in urban areas, air pollution can be expected to increase and will especially impact on urban populations.^[3] Already, more than 80% of people living in cities are exposed to air pollution that exceeds safe limits.^[1]

Signs of hope in relation to air pollution may appear in the form of increased public awareness, cleaner transport options, retrofitted buildings, and improved urban design.^[3]

Soil erosion and desertification will increasingly threaten agricultural and habitable land^[11], particularly where deforestation and unsustainable farming practices continue.

References

1. Global trends. Paradox of progress (US National Intelligence Council, 2017)
2. The global risks report 2021 (World Economic Forum, 2021)
3. Future outlook. 100 Global trends for 2050 (UAE Ministry of Cabinet Affairs and the Future, 2017)
4. Global strategic trends. The future starts today (UK Ministry of Defence, 2018)
5. Beyond the noise. The megatrends of tomorrow's world (Deloitte, 2017)
6. Global trends and the future of Latin America. Why and how Latin America should think about the future (Inter-American Development Bank, Inter-American Dialogue, 2016)
7. Foresight Africa. Top priorities for the continent 2020-2030 (Brookings Institution, 2020)
8. Future technology for prosperity. Horizon scanning by Europe's technology leaders (EU Commission, 2019)
9. Critical minerals scarcity could threaten renewable energy future (Stanford University, 2018)
10. Global trends 2020. Understanding complexity (Ipsos, 2020)
11. Asia pacific megatrends 2040 (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 2019)